Marketing

Marketing is the act of satisfying and retaining customers.^[3] It is one of the primary components of business management and commerce.^[4]

Marketing is usually conducted by the seller, typically a retailer or manufacturer. Products can be marketed to other businesses (B2B) or directly to consumers (B2C).^[5] Sometimes tasks are contracted to dedicated marketing firms, like a media, market research, or advertising agency. Sometimes, a trade association or government agency (such as the Agricultural Marketing Service) advertises on behalf of an entire industry or locality, often a specific type of food (e.g. Got Milk?), food from a specific area, or a city or region as a tourism destination.

Market orientations are philosophies concerning the factors that should go into market planning.^[6] The marketing mix, which outlines the specifics of the product and how it will be sold, including the channels that will be used to advertise the product,^[7]^[8] is affected by the environment surrounding the product,^[9] the results of marketing research and market research,^[10]^[11] and the characteristics of the product's target market.^[12] Once these factors are determined, marketers must then decide what methods of promoting the product,^[5] including use of coupons and other price inducements.^[13]

Definition

Marketing is currently defined by the American Marketing Association (AMA) as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large".^[14] However, the definition of marketing has evolved over the years. The AMA reviews this definition and its definition for "marketing research" every three years.^[14] The interests of "society at large" were added into the definition in 2008.^[15] The development of the definition may be seen by comparing the 2008 definition with the AMA's 1935 version: "Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods, and services from producers to consumers".^[16] The newer definition highlights the increased prominence of other stakeholders in the new conception of marketing.

Recent definitions of marketing place more emphasis on the consumer relationship, as opposed to a pure exchange process. For instance, prolific marketing author and educator, Philip Kotler has evolved his definition of marketing. In 1980, he defined marketing as "satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process",^[18] and in 2018 defined it as "the process by which companies engage customers, build strong customer relationships, and create customer value in order to capture value from customers in return".^[19] A related definition, from the sales process engineering perspective, defines marketing as "a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions of a business aimed at achieving customer interest and satisfaction".^[20]

Some definitions of marketing highlight marketing's ability to produce value to shareholders of the firm as well. In this context, marketing can be defined as "the management process that seeks to maximise returns to shareholders by developing relationships with valued customers and creating a competitive advantage".^[21] For instance, the Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing from a customer-centric perspective, focusing on "the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably".^[22]

In the past, marketing practice tended to be seen as a creative industry, which included advertising, distribution and selling, and even today many parts of the marketing process (e.g. product design, art director, brand management, advertising, inbound marketing, copywriting etc.) involve the use of the creative arts.^[23] However, because marketing makes extensive use of social sciences, psychology, sociology, mathematics, economics, anthropology and neuroscience, the profession is now widely recognized as a science.^[24] Marketing science has developed a concrete process that can be followed to create a marketing plan.^[25]

Concept

The "marketing concept" proposes that to complete its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of potential consumers and satisfy them more effectively than its competitors. This concept originated from Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations but would not become widely used until nearly 200 years later.^[26] Marketing and Marketing Concepts are directly related.

Given the centrality of customer needs, and wants in marketing, a rich understanding of these concepts is essential:^[27]

Needs: Something necessary for people to live a healthy, stable and safe life. When needs remain unfulfilled, there is a clear adverse outcome: a dysfunction or death. Needs can be objective and physical, such as the need for food, water, and shelter; or subjective and psychological, such as the need to belong to a family or social group and the need for self-esteem.

Wants: Something that is desired, wished for or aspired to. Wants are not essential for basic survival and are often shaped by culture or peer-groups.

Demands: When needs and wants are backed by the ability to pay, they have the potential to become economic demands.

Marketing research, conducted for the purpose of new product development or product improvement, is often concerned with identifying the consumer's unmet needs.^[28] Customer needs are central to market segmentation which is concerned with dividing markets into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of "distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors who might require separate products or marketing mixes."^[29] Needs-based segmentation (also known as benefit segmentation) "places the customers' desires at the forefront of how a company designs and markets products or services."^[30] Although needs-based segmentation is difficult to do in practice, it has been proved to be one of the most effective ways to segment a market.^[31]^[28] In addition, a great deal of advertising and promotion is designed to show how a given product's benefits meet the customer's needs, wants or expectations in a unique way.^[32]

B2B and B2C marketing

The two major segments of marketing are business-to-business (B2B) marketing and business-to-consumer (B2C) marketing.^[5]

B2B marketing

B2B (business-to-business) marketing refers to any marketing strategy or content that is geared towards a business or organization.^[33] Any company that sells products or services to other businesses or organizations (vs. consumers) typically uses B2B marketing strategies. The 7 P's of B2B marketing are: product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence.^[33] Some of the trends in B2B marketing include content such as podcasts, videos, and social media marketing campaigns.^[33]

Examples of products sold through B2B marketing include:

Major equipment
Accessory equipment
Raw materials
Component parts
Processed materials
Supplies
Venues
Business services^[5]

The four major categories of B2B product purchasers are:

Producers - use products sold by B2B marketing to make their own goods (e.g.: Mattel buying plastics to make toys)
Resellers - buy B2B products to sell through retail or wholesale establishments (e.g.: Walmart buying vacuums to sell in stores)
Governments - buy B2B products for use in government projects (e.g.: purchasing weather monitoring equipment for a wastewater treatment plant)
Institutions - use B2B products to continue operation (e.g.: schools buying printers for office use)^[5]

B2C marketing

Business-to-consumer marketing, or B2C marketing, refers to the tactics and strategies in which a company promotes its products and services to individual people.

Traditionally, this could refer to individuals shopping for personal products in a broad sense. More recently the term B2C refers to the online selling of consumer products.

C2B marketing

Consumer-to-business marketing or C2B marketing is a business model where the end consumers create products and services which are consumed by businesses and organizations. It is diametrically opposed to the popular concept of B2C or business-to-consumer where the companies make goods and services available to the end consumers. In this type of business model, businesses profit from consumers' willingness to name their own price or contribute data or marketing to the company, while consumers benefit from flexibility, direct payment, or free or reduced-price products and services. One of the major benefit of this type of business model is that it offers a company a competitive advantage in the market.^[34]

C2C marketing

Customer to customer marketing or C2C marketing represents a market environment where one customer purchases goods from another customer using a third-party business or platform to facilitate the transaction. C2C companies are a new type of model that has emerged with e-commerce technology and the sharing economy.^[35]

Differences in B2B and B2C marketing

The different goals of B2B and B2C marketing lead to differences in the B2B and B2C markets. The main differences in these markets are demand, purchasing volume, number of customers, customer concentration, distribution, buying nature, buying influences, negotiations, reciprocity, leasing and promotional methods.^[5]

Demand: B2B demand is derived because businesses buy products based on how much demand there is for the final consumer product. Businesses buy products based on customer's wants and needs. B2C demand is primarily because customers buy products based on their own wants and needs.^[5]
Purchasing volume: Businesses buy products in large volumes to distribute to consumers. Consumers buy products in smaller volumes suitable for personal use.^[5]
Number of customers: There are relatively fewer businesses to market to than direct consumers.^[5]
Customer concentration: Businesses that specialize in a particular market tend to be geographically concentrated while customers that buy products from these businesses are not concentrated.^[5]
Distribution: B2B products pass directly from the producer of the product to the business while B2C products may additionally go through a wholesaler or retailer.^[5]
Buying nature: B2B purchasing is a formal process done by professional buyers and sellers, while B2C purchasing is informal.^[5]
Buying influences: B2B purchasing is influenced by multiple people in various departments such as quality control, accounting, and logistics while B2C marketing is only influenced by the person making the purchase and possibly a few others.^[5]
Negotiations: In B2B marketing, negotiating for lower prices or added benefits is commonly accepted while in B2C marketing (particularly in Western cultures) prices are fixed.^[5]
Reciprocity: Businesses tend to buy from businesses they sell to. For example, a business that sells printer ink is more likely to buy office chairs from a supplier that buys the business's printer ink. In B2C marketing, this does not occur because consumers are not also selling products.^[5]
Leasing: Businesses tend to lease expensive items while consumers tend to save up to buy expensive items.^[5]
Promotional methods: In B2B marketing, the most common promotional method is personal selling. B2C marketing mostly uses sales promotion, public relations, advertising, and social media.^[5]

Marketing management orientations

A marketing orientation has been defined as a "philosophy of business management."^[6] or "a corporate state of mind"^[36] or as an "organizational culture."^[37] Although scholars continue to debate the precise nature of specific concepts that inform marketing practice, the most commonly cited orientations are as follows:^[38]

Product concept: mainly concerned with the quality of its product. It has largely been supplanted by the marketing orientation, except for haute couture and arts marketing.^[39]^[40]
Production concept: specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service in order to achieve economies of scale or economies of scope. It dominated marketing practice from the 1860s to the 1930s, yet can still be found in some companies or industries. Specifically, Kotler and Armstrong note that the production philosophy is "one of the oldest philosophies that guides sellers... [and] is still useful in some situations."^[41]
Selling concept: focuses on the selling/promotion of the firm's existing products, rather than developing new products to satisfy unmet needs or wants primarily through promotion and direct sales techniques,^[42] largely for "unsought goods"^[43] in industrial companies.^[44] A 2011 meta analyses^[45] found that the factors with the greatest impact on sales performance are a salesperson's sales related knowledge (market segments, presentation skills, conflict resolution, and products), degree of adaptiveness, role clarity, cognitive aptitude, motivation and interest in a sales role).

Marketing concept: This is the most common concept used in contemporary marketing, and is a customer-centric approach based on products that suit new consumer tastes. These firms engage in extensive market research, use R&D (Research & Development), and then use promotion techniques.^[46]^[47] The marketing orientation includes:
- Customer orientation: A firm in the market economy can survive by producing goods that people are willing and able to buy. Consequently, ascertaining consumer demand is vital for a firm's future viability and even existence as a going concern.
- Organizational orientation: The marketing department is of prime importance within the functional level of an organization. Information from the marketing department is used to guide the actions of a company's other departments. A marketing department could ascertain (via marketing research) that consumers desired a new type of product, or a new usage for an existing product. With this in mind, the marketing department would inform the R&D department to create a prototype of a product/service based on consumers' new desires. The production department would then start to manufacture the product. The finance department may oppose required capital expenditures since it could undermine a healthy cash flow for the organization.
Societal marketing concept: Social responsibility that goes beyond satisfying customers and providing superior value embraces societal stakeholders such as employees, customers, and local communities. Companies that adopt this perspective typically practice triple bottom line reporting and publish financial, social and environmental impact reports. Sustainable marketing or green marketing is an extension of societal marketing.^[48]

The marketing mix

A marketing mix is a foundational tool used to guide decision making in marketing. The marketing mix represents the basic tools that marketers can use to bring their products or services to the market. They are the foundation of managerial marketing and the marketing plan typically devotes a section to the marketing mix.

The 4Ps

The 4Ps refers to four broad categories of marketing decisions, namely: product, price, promotion, and place.^[7]^[49] The origins of the 4 Ps can be traced to the late 1940s.^[50]^[51] The first known mention has been attributed to a Professor of Marketing at Harvard University, James Culliton.^[52]

The 4 Ps, in its modern form, was first proposed in 1960 by E. Jerome McCarthy; who presented them within a managerial approach that covered analysis, consumer behavior, market research, market segmentation, and planning.^[53]^[54] Phillip Kotler, popularised this approach and helped spread the 4 Ps model.^[55]^[56] McCarthy's 4 Ps have been widely adopted by both marketing academics and practitioners.^[57]^[58]^[59]

Outline

Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The product element consists of product design, new product innovation, branding, packaging, and labeling. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Branding, a key aspect of the product management, refers to the various methods of communicating a brand identity for the product, brand, or company.^[60]
Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention or any sacrifices consumers make in order to acquire a product or service. The price is the cost that a consumer pays for a product—monetary or not. Methods of setting prices are in the domain of pricing science.^[61]
Place (or distribution): This refers to how the product gets to the customer; the distribution channels and intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers who enable customers to access products or services in a convenient manner. This third P has also sometimes been called Place or Placement, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales.^[61]
Promotion: This includes all aspects of marketing communications: advertising, sales promotion, including promotional education, public relations, personal selling, product placement, branded entertainment, event marketing, trade shows, and exhibitions. This fourth P is focused on providing a message to get a response from consumers. The message is designed to persuade or tell a story to create awareness.^[61]^[62]

Criticisms

One of the limitations of the 4Ps approach is its emphasis on an inside-out view.^[63] An inside-out approach is the traditional planning approach where the organization identifies its desired goals and objectives, which are often based around what has always been done. Marketing's task then becomes one of "selling" the organization's products and messages to the "outside" or external stakeholders.^[60] In contrast, an outside-in approach first seeks to understand the needs and wants of the consumer.^[64]

From a model-building perspective, the 4 Ps has attracted a number of criticisms. Well-designed models should exhibit clearly defined categories that are mutually exclusive, with no overlap. Yet, the 4 Ps model has extensive overlapping problems. Several authors stress the hybrid nature of the fourth P, mentioning the presence of two important dimensions, "communication" (general and informative communications such as public relations and corporate communications) and "promotion" (persuasive communications such as advertising and direct selling). Certain marketing activities, such as personal selling, may be classified as either promotion or as part of the place (i.e., distribution) element.^[65] Some pricing tactics, such as promotional pricing, can be classified as price variables or promotional variables and, therefore, also exhibit some overlap.

Other important criticisms include that the marketing mix lacks a strategic framework and is, therefore, unfit to be a planning instrument, particularly when uncontrollable, external elements are an important aspect of the marketing environment.^[66]

Modifications and extensions

To overcome the deficiencies of the 4P model, some authors have suggested extensions or modifications to the original model. Extensions of the four P's are often included in cases such as services marketing where unique characteristics (i.e. intangibility, perishability, heterogeneity and the inseparability of production and consumption) warrant additional consideration factors. Other extensions include "people", "process", and "physical evidence" and are often applied in the case of services marketing.^[67] Other extensions have been found necessary in retail marketing, industrial marketing and internet marketing.

The 4Cs

In response to environmental and technological changes in marketing, as well as criticisms towards the 4Ps approach, the 4Cs has emerged as a modern marketing mix model. Robert F. Lauterborn proposed a 4 Cs classification in 1990.^[68] His classification is a more consumer-orientated version of the 4 Ps^[69]^[70] that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing.^[68]^[71]^[72]

Outline

Consumer (or client)

The consumer refers to the person or group that will acquire the product. This aspect of the model focuses on fulfilling the wants or needs of the consumer.^[8]

Cost

Cost refers to what is exchanged in return for the product. Cost mainly consists of the monetary value of the product. Cost also refers to anything else the consumer must sacrifice to attain the product, such as time or money spent on transportation to acquire the product.^[8]

Convenience

Like "Place" in the 4Ps model, convenience refers to where the product will be sold. This, however, not only refers to physical stores but also whether the product is available in person or online. The convenience aspect emphasizes making it as easy as possible for the consumer to attain the product, thus making them more likely to do so.^[8]

Communication

Like "Promotion" in the 4Ps model, communication refers to how consumers find out about a product. Unlike promotion, communication not only refers to the one-way communication of advertising, but also the two-way communication available through social media.^[8]

Environment

The term "marketing environment" relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affect a firm's marketing decision-making/planning. A firm's marketing environment consists of three main areas, which are:

The macro-environment (Macromarketing), over which a firm holds little control, consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These include: economic, social, political and technological factors. A common method of assessing a firm's macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Ecological) analysis. Within a PESTLE analysis, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key macroeconomic conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, etc.), social trends/attitudes, and the nature of technology's impact on its society and the business processes within the society.^[9]
The micro-environment, over which a firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control, typically includes: Customers/consumers, Employees, Suppliers and the Media. In contrast to the macro-environment, an organization holds a greater (though not complete) degree of control over these factors.^[9]
The internal environment, which includes the factors inside of the company itself.^[9] A firm's internal environment consists of: Labor, Inventory, Company Policy, Logistics, Budget, and Capital Assets.^[9]

Research

Marketing research is a systematic process of analyzing data that involves conducting research to support marketing activities and the statistical interpretation of data into information. This information is then used by managers to plan marketing activities, gauge the nature of a firm's marketing environment and to attain information from suppliers. A distinction should be made between marketing research and market research. Market research involves gathering information about a particular target market. As an example, a firm may conduct research in a target market, after selecting a suitable market segment. In contrast, marketing research relates to all research conducted within marketing. Market research is a subset of marketing research.^[10] (Avoiding the word consumer, which shows up in both,^[73] market research is about distribution, while marketing research encompasses distribution, advertising effectiveness, and salesforce effectiveness).^[74]

The stages of research include:

Define the problem
Plan research
Research
Interpret data
Implement findings^[11]

Well-known academic journals in the field of marketing with the best rating in VHB-Jourqual and Academic Journal Guide, an impact factor of more than 5 in the Social Sciences Citation Index and an h-index of more than 130 in the SCImago Journal Rank are

These are also designated as Premier AMA Journals by the American Marketing Association.

Segmentation

Market segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous market for a product and dividing it into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects.^[12] The process is conducted for two main purposes: better allocation of a firm's finite resources and to better serve the more diversified tastes of contemporary consumers. A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Thus, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Moreover, with more diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, firms are noting the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets.

Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the STP acronym, meaning Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning.

Segmentation involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Commonly used criteria include:

Geographic (such as a country, region, city, town)
Psychographic (e.g. personality traits or lifestyle traits which influence consumer behaviour)
Demographic (e.g. age, gender, socio-economic class, education)
Gender
Income
Life-Cycle (e.g. Baby Boomer, Generation X, Millennial, Generation Z)
Lifestyle (e.g. tech savvy, active)
Behavioral (e.g. brand loyalty, usage rate)^[75]

Once a segment has been identified to target, a firm must ascertain whether the segment is beneficial for them to service. The DAMP acronym is used as criteria to gauge the viability of a target market. The elements of DAMP are:

Discernable – how a segment can be differentiated from other segments.
Accessible – how a segment can be accessed via Marketing Communications produced by a firm
Measurable – can the segment be quantified and its size determined?
Profitable – can a sufficient return on investment be attained from a segment's servicing?

The next step in the targeting process is the level of differentiation involved in a segment serving. Three modes of differentiation exist, which are commonly applied by firms. These are:

Undifferentiated – where a company produces a like product for all of a market segment
Differentiated – in which a firm produced slight modifications of a product within a segment
Niche – in which an organization forges a product to satisfy a specialized target market

Positioning concerns how to position a product in the minds of consumers and inform what attributes differentiate it from the competitor's products. A firm often performs this by producing a perceptual map, which denotes similar products produced in the same industry according to how consumers perceive their price and quality. From a product's placing on the map, a firm would tailor its marketing communications to meld with the product's perception among consumers and its position among competitors' offering.^[76]

Promotional mix

The promotional mix outlines how a company will market its product. It consists of five tools: personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, advertising and social media:

Personal selling involves a presentation given by a salesperson to an individual or a group of potential customers. It enables two-way communication and relationship building, and is most commonly seen in business-to-business marketing but can also be found in business-to-consumer marketing (e.g.: selling cars at a dealership).^[5]

Sales promotion involves short-term incentives to encourage the buying of products. Examples of these incentives include free samples, contests, premiums, trade shows, giveaways, coupons, sweepstakes and games. Depending on the incentive, one or more of the other elements of the promotional mix may be used in conjunction with sales promotion to inform customers of the incentives.^[5]
Public relations is the use of media tools to promote and monitor for a positive view of a company or product in the public's eye. The goal is to either sustain a positive opinion or lessen or change a negative opinion. It can include interviews, speeches/presentations, corporate literature, social media, news releases and special events.^[5]
Advertising occurs when a firm directly pays a media channel, directly via an in-house agency^[77] or via an advertising agency or media buying service, to publicize its product, service or message. Common examples of advertising media include:

TV
Radio
Magazines
Online
Billboards
Event sponsorship
Advertising mail (direct mail)
Transit ads^[5]

Social media is used to facilitate two-way communication between companies and their customers. Outlets such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr, Pinterest, Snapchat, Tik Tok and YouTube allow brands to start a conversation with regular and prospective customers. Viral marketing can be greatly facilitated by social media and if successful, allows key marketing messages and content in reaching a large number of target audiences within a short time frame. These platforms can also house advertising and public relations content.^[5]

Marketing plan

The area of marketing planning involves forging a plan for a firm's marketing activities. A marketing plan can also pertain to a specific product, the introduction of a new product, the revision of current marketing strategies for existing products, as well as an organisation's overall marketing strategy. The plan is created to accomplish specific marketing objectives, outlining a company's advertising and marketing efforts for a given period, describing the current marketing position of a business, and discussing the target market and marketing mix to be used to achieve marketing goals.

An organization's marketing planning process is derived from its overall business strategy. Marketing plans start by identifying customer needs through market research and how the business can satisfy these needs. The marketing plan also shows what actions will be taken and what resources will be used to achieve the planned objectives.

Marketing objectives are typically broad-based in nature, and pertain to the general vision of the firm in the short, medium or long-term. As an example, if one pictures a group of companies (or a conglomerate), the objective might be to increase the group's sales by 25% over a ten-year period.

Product life cycle

The product life cycle (PLC) is a tool used by marketing managers to gauge the progress of a product, especially relating to sales or revenue accrued over time. The PLC is based on a few key assumptions, including:

A given product would possess introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stage
No product lasts perpetually on the market
A firm must employ differing strategies, according to where a product is on the PLC

In the introduction stage, a product is launched onto the market. To stimulate the growth of sales/revenue, use of advertising may be high, in order to heighten awareness of the product in question.

During the growth stage, the product's sales/revenue is increasing, which may stimulate more marketing communications to sustain sales. More entrants enter into the market, to reap the apparent high profits that the industry is producing.

When the product hits maturity, its starts to level off, and an increasing number of entrants to a market produce price falls for the product. Firms may use sales promotions to raise sales.

During decline, demand for a good begins to taper off, and the firm may opt to discontinue the manufacture of the product. This is so, if revenue for the product comes from efficiency savings in production, over actual sales of a good/service. However, if a product services a niche market, or is complementary to another product, it may continue the manufacture of the product, despite a low level of sales/revenue being accrued.^[5]

Ethics

Marketing ethics is an area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of advertising and promotion) overlap with media and public relations ethics.

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^ "What Comes Next? Survey Analysis and Segmentation", Discover the Future of Research, Wiley, 12 January 2017
^ Ahmad, Rizal (May 2003). "Benefit segmentation". International Journal of Market Research. 45 (3): 1–13. doi:10.1177/147078530304500302. ISSN 1470-7853. S2CID 220319720.
^ du Plessis, D.F. Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising. p. 134.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Genovese, Shelby (20 September 2023). "What is B2B Marketing?". West Virginia University Marketing Communications.
^ Aspara, Jaakko; Grant, David B.; Holmlund, Maria (1 February 2021). "Consumer involvement in supply networks: A cubic typology of C2B2C and C2B2B business models". Industrial Marketing Management. 93: 356–369. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.09.004. ISSN 0019-8501. S2CID 226739953.
^ Tarver, Evan. "Customer to Customer – C2C". Investopedia. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ Kohli, A.K. and Jaworski, B.J., "Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, April 1990, pp. 1–18
^ Narver, J.C.; Slater, S.F. (1990). "The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability". Journal of Marketing. 54 (4): 20–34. doi:10.2307/1251757. JSTOR 1251757.
^ Hollander, S.C.; Jones, D.G.B.; Dix, L. (2005). "Periodization in Marketing History". Journal of Macromarketing. 25 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1177/0276146705274982. S2CID 9997002.
^ Fillis, Ian (2006). "Art for Art's Sake or Art for Business Sake: An exploration of artistic product orientation". The Marketing Review. 6: 29–40. doi:10.1362/146934706776861573.
^ Sheth, J., Sisodia, R.S. and Sharma, A., "The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-Centric Marketing", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, p. 55
^ Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Principles of Marketing, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 28
^ Kotler, Philip (1980). Principles of Marketing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
^ Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Principles of Marketing, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 29
^ Avlonitis, G.J. and Gounaris, S.P., "Marketing Orientation and Company Performance: Industrial vs. Consumer Goods Companies", Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 26, 1997, pp. 385–402
^ Verbeke, Willem; Dietz, Bart; Verwaal, Ernst (2010). "Drivers of sales performance: A contemporary meta-analysis. Have salespeople become knowledge brokers?" (PDF). Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 39 (3): 407–28. doi:10.1007/s11747-010-0211-8. S2CID 53687035.
^ McGee, L.W. and Spiro, R.L., "The Marketing Concept in Perspective", Business Horizons, May–June 1988, pp. 40–45
^ Hooley, G., Fahy, J., Beracs, J., Fonfara, K. and Snoj, B., "Market Orientation in the Transition Economies of Central Europe: Tests of the Narver and Slater Market Orientation Scales", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 273–85. The most widely applied scale is that developed by Narver and Slater in Narver, J.C., and Slater, S.F., "The Effect of Marketing Orientation on Business Profitability", Journal of Marketing, Vo. 54, 1990, pp. 20–35
^ , Blackwell Reference, Kotler, P., "What consumerism means for marketers", Harvard Business Review, vol. 50, no. 3, 1972, pp. 48–57; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Macromarketing as a Pillar of Marketing Thought", Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 26 No. 2, December 2006, pp. 224–32 doi:10.1177/0276146706291067; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Scholarly Research in Marketing: Exploring the "4 Eras" of Thought Development", Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2003, pp. 116–46
^ Grönroos, Christian (1 March 1994). "From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing". Management Decision. 32 (2): 4–20. doi:10.1108/00251749410054774. hdl:11323/385. ISSN 0025-1747.
^ Groucutt, Jon; Leadley, Peter; Forsyth, Patrick (2004). Marketing: Essential Principles, New Realities. Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7494-4114-2.
^ Hunt, S.F. and Goolsby, J., "The Rise and Fall of the Functional Approach to Marketing: A Paradigm Displacement Perspective", (originally published in 1988), reprinted in: Review of Marketing Research: Special Issue - Marketing Legends, Vol. 1, Naresh K. Malhotra, (ed), Bingley, UK, Emerald, 2011
^ Banting, P.M.; Ross, R.E. (1973). "The marketing mix: A Canadian perspective". Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 1 (1): 1973. doi:10.1007/BF02729310. S2CID 189884279.
^ McCarthy, E.J., Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach Irwin, Homewood, Ill., 1960
^ Dominici, G. (September 2009). "From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: A Literature Review" (PDF). International Journal of Business and Management. 9 (4): 17–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017.
^ Keelson, S.A>, "The Evolution of the Marketing Concepts: Theoretically Different Roads Leading to Practically the Same Destination!" in Global Conference on Business and Finance Proceedings, Volume 7, Number 1, 2012, ISSN 1941-9589
^ Kotler, P., Marketing Management, (Millennium Edition), Custom Edition for University of Phoenix, Prentice Hall, 2001, p. 9.
^ Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing", Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 22, 2006, pp. 407–438.
^ Bitner, M.J., "The Evolution of the Services Marketing Mix and its Relationship to Service Quality", in Service Quality: Multidisciplinary and Multinational Perspectives, Brown, S.W., Gummeson, E., Edvardson, B. and Gustavsson, B. (eds), Lexington, Canada, 1991, pp. 23–37.
^ Schultz, Don E; Tannenbaum, Stanley I; Lauterborn, Robert F (1993), Integrated marketing communications, NTC Business Books, ISBN 978-0-8442-3363-5
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Kerr, F., Patti, C. and Ichul, K., "An Inside-out Approach to Integrated Marketing Communications: An International Perspective", International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2008, pp. 531–40
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Borden, N., "The Concept of the Marketing Mix", Journal of Advertising Research, June 1964 pp. 2–7; van Waterschoot, W. and van den Bulte, C., "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1992, pp. 83–93
^ Online Etymology Encyclopedia, "Promotion | Etymology, origin and meaning of promotion by etymonline". Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.>
^ Gareth, Morgan (1988). Riding the Waves of Change. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-1555420932.
^ Porcu, L., del Barrio-Garcia, S., and Kitchen, P.J., "How Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) works? A theoretical review and an analysis of its main drivers and effects/ ¿Cómo funciona la Comunicación Integrada de Marketing (CIM)? Una revisión teórica y un análisis de sus antecedents Efectos", Comunicación y Sociedad, Vol. XXV, Núm. 1, 2012, pp. 313–48
^ van Waterschoot, W.; van den Bulte, C. (1992). "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited". Journal of Marketing. 56 (4): 83–93. doi:10.2307/1251988. JSTOR 1251988.
^ Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing", Journal of Marketing Management, Vo. 22, 2006, pp. 407–38
^ Fisk, R.P., Brown, W., and Bitner, M.J., "Tracking the Evolution of Services Marketing Literature", Journal of Retailing, vol. 41 (April), 1993; Booms, B. and Bitner, M.J. "Marketing Strategies and Organizational Structures for Service Firms" in James H. Donnelly and William R. George (eds), Marketing of Services, Chicago: American Marketing Association, 47–51; Rafiq, M. and Ahmed, P.K. "Using the 7Ps as a Generic Marketing mix: An Exploratory Survey of UK and European Marketing Academics", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 4–15
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Lauterborn, B (1990). "New Marketing Litany: Four Ps Passé: C-Words Take Over". Advertising Age. 61 (41): 26.
^ Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2006), Marketing and Management, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, US
^ Rodríguez, Ismael; Rabanal, Pablo; Rubio, Fernando (2017). "Business Hacks" (PDF). Applied Soft Computing. 55 (June 2017): 178–196. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.01.036. ISSN 1568-4946.
^ Chaffey, Dave; Ellis-Chadwick, Fiona (2012). Digital marketing: strategy, implementation of and practice (5th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.
^ Bhatt, Ganesh D; Emdad, Ali F (2001). "An analysis of the virtual value chain in electronic commerce". Logistics Information Management. 14 (1/2): 78–85. doi:10.1108/09576050110362465.
^ US Census data is both for Market research and for Marketing research: "NAPCS Product List for NAICS 54191: Marketing Research" (PDF). data collection services for marketing research and public opinion surveys, by methods other than ... data collection services provided as part of a market research services package that includes
^ "Difference between Market Research and Marketing Research". 9 January 2018.
^ Moore, Karl; Pareek, Niketh (2010). Marketing: the Basics. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 38–65. ISBN 978-0-415-77899-2.
^ Moutinho, Luiz (2000). Strategic Management in Tourism. New York, NY: CABI Publishing. pp. 121–166. ISBN 9780851992822.
^ Tiffany Hsu (28 October 2019). "The Advertising Industry Has a Problem: People Hate Ads". The New York Times.

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[30] "What Comes Next? Survey Analysis and Segmentation", Discover the Future of Research, Wiley, 12 January 2017

[31] Ahmad, Rizal (May 2003). "Benefit segmentation". International Journal of Market Research. 45 (3): 1–13. doi:10.1177/147078530304500302. ISSN 1470-7853. S2CID 220319720.

[32] u Plessis, D.F. Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising. p. 134.

[:10-33] Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Genovese, Shelby (20 September 2023). "What is B2B Marketing?". West Virginia University Marketing Communications.

[34] Aspara, Jaakko; Grant, David B.; Holmlund, Maria (1 February 2021). "Consumer involvement in supply networks: A cubic typology of C2B2C and C2B2B business models". Industrial Marketing Management. 93: 356–369. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.09.004. ISSN 0019-8501. S2CID 226739953.

[35] Tarver, Evan. "Customer to Customer – C2C". Investopedia. Retrieved 16 April 2020.

[36] Kohli, A.K. and Jaworski, B.J., "Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, April 1990, pp. 1–18

[37] Narver, J.C.; Slater, S.F. (1990). "The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability". Journal of Marketing. 54 (4): 20–34. doi:10.2307/1251757. JSTOR 1251757.

[38] Hollander, S.C.; Jones, D.G.B.; Dix, L. (2005). "Periodization in Marketing History". Journal of Macromarketing. 25 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1177/0276146705274982. S2CID 9997002.

[39] Fillis, Ian (2006). "Art for Art's Sake or Art for Business Sake: An exploration of artistic product orientation". The Marketing Review. 6: 29–40. doi:10.1362/146934706776861573.

[40] Sheth, J., Sisodia, R.S. and Sharma, A., "The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-Centric Marketing", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, p. 55

[41] Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Principles of Marketing, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 28

[42] Kotler, Philip (1980). Principles of Marketing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.

[43] Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Principles of Marketing, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 29

[44] Avlonitis, G.J. and Gounaris, S.P., "Marketing Orientation and Company Performance: Industrial vs. Consumer Goods Companies", Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 26, 1997, pp. 385–402

[45] Verbeke, Willem; Dietz, Bart; Verwaal, Ernst (2010). "Drivers of sales performance: A contemporary meta-analysis. Have salespeople become knowledge brokers?" (PDF). Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 39 (3): 407–28. doi:10.1007/s11747-010-0211-8. S2CID 53687035.

[46] McGee, L.W. and Spiro, R.L., "The Marketing Concept in Perspective", Business Horizons, May–June 1988, pp. 40–45

[47] Hooley, G., Fahy, J., Beracs, J., Fonfara, K. and Snoj, B., "Market Orientation in the Transition Economies of Central Europe: Tests of the Narver and Slater Market Orientation Scales", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 273–85. The most widely applied scale is that developed by Narver and Slater in Narver, J.C., and Slater, S.F., "The Effect of Marketing Orientation on Business Profitability", Journal of Marketing, Vo. 54, 1990, pp. 20–35

[48] , Blackwell Reference, Kotler, P., "What consumerism means for marketers", Harvard Business Review, vol. 50, no. 3, 1972, pp. 48–57; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Macromarketing as a Pillar of Marketing Thought", Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 26 No. 2, December 2006, pp. 224–32 doi:10.1177/0276146706291067; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Scholarly Research in Marketing: Exploring the "4 Eras" of Thought Development", Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2003, pp. 116–46

[49] Grönroos, Christian (1 March 1994). "From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing". Management Decision. 32 (2): 4–20. doi:10.1108/00251749410054774. hdl:11323/385. ISSN 0025-1747.

[50] Groucutt, Jon; Leadley, Peter; Forsyth, Patrick (2004). Marketing: Essential Principles, New Realities. Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7494-4114-2.

[51] Hunt, S.F. and Goolsby, J., "The Rise and Fall of the Functional Approach to Marketing: A Paradigm Displacement Perspective", (originally published in 1988), reprinted in: Review of Marketing Research: Special Issue - Marketing Legends, Vol. 1, Naresh K. Malhotra, (ed), Bingley, UK, Emerald, 2011

[52] Banting, P.M.; Ross, R.E. (1973). "The marketing mix: A Canadian perspective". Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 1 (1): 1973. doi:10.1007/BF02729310. S2CID 189884279.

[53] McCarthy, E.J., Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach Irwin, Homewood, Ill., 1960

[54] Dominici, G. (September 2009). "From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: A Literature Review" (PDF). International Journal of Business and Management. 9 (4): 17–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017.

[55] Keelson, S.A>, "The Evolution of the Marketing Concepts: Theoretically Different Roads Leading to Practically the Same Destination!" in Global Conference on Business and Finance Proceedings, Volume 7, Number 1, 2012, ISSN 1941-9589

[:02-56] Kotler, P., Marketing Management, (Millennium Edition), Custom Edition for University of Phoenix, Prentice Hall, 2001, p. 9.

[57] Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing", Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 22, 2006, pp. 407–438.

[58] Bitner, M.J., "The Evolution of the Services Marketing Mix and its Relationship to Service Quality", in Service Quality: Multidisciplinary and Multinational Perspectives, Brown, S.W., Gummeson, E., Edvardson, B. and Gustavsson, B. (eds), Lexington, Canada, 1991, pp. 23–37.

[Schultz-59] Schultz, Don E; Tannenbaum, Stanley I; Lauterborn, Robert F (1993), Integrated marketing communications, NTC Business Books, ISBN 978-0-8442-3363-5

[:1-60] Jump up to:^a ^b Kerr, F., Patti, C. and Ichul, K., "An Inside-out Approach to Integrated Marketing Communications: An International Perspective", International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2008, pp. 531–40

[:2-61] Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Borden, N., "The Concept of the Marketing Mix", Journal of Advertising Research, June 1964 pp. 2–7; van Waterschoot, W. and van den Bulte, C., "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1992, pp. 83–93

[62] Online Etymology Encyclopedia, "Promotion | Etymology, origin and meaning of promotion by etymonline". Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.>

[63] Gareth, Morgan (1988). Riding the Waves of Change. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-1555420932.

[64] Porcu, L., del Barrio-Garcia, S., and Kitchen, P.J., "How Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) works? A theoretical review and an analysis of its main drivers and effects/ ¿Cómo funciona la Comunicación Integrada de Marketing (CIM)? Una revisión teórica y un análisis de sus antecedents Efectos", Comunicación y Sociedad, Vol. XXV, Núm. 1, 2012, pp. 313–48

[65] van Waterschoot, W.; van den Bulte, C. (1992). "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited". Journal of Marketing. 56 (4): 83–93. doi:10.2307/1251988. JSTOR 1251988.

[66] Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing", Journal of Marketing Management, Vo. 22, 2006, pp. 407–38

[67] Fisk, R.P., Brown, W., and Bitner, M.J., "Tracking the Evolution of Services Marketing Literature", Journal of Retailing, vol. 41 (April), 1993; Booms, B. and Bitner, M.J. "Marketing Strategies and Organizational Structures for Service Firms" in James H. Donnelly and William R. George (eds), Marketing of Services, Chicago: American Marketing Association, 47–51; Rafiq, M. and Ahmed, P.K. "Using the 7Ps as a Generic Marketing mix: An Exploratory Survey of UK and European Marketing Academics", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 4–15

[Lauterborn-68] Jump up to:^a ^b Lauterborn, B (1990). "New Marketing Litany: Four Ps Passé: C-Words Take Over". Advertising Age. 61 (41): 26.

[Kotlerkeller-69] Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2006), Marketing and Management, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, US

[RodriguezRabanalRubio-70] Rodríguez, Ismael; Rabanal, Pablo; Rubio, Fernando (2017). "Business Hacks" (PDF). Applied Soft Computing. 55 (June 2017): 178–196. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.01.036. ISSN 1568-4946.

[DM-71] Chaffey, Dave; Ellis-Chadwick, Fiona (2012). Digital marketing: strategy, implementation of and practice (5th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.

[An_analysis_of_the_virtual_value_ch-72] Bhatt, Ganesh D; Emdad, Ali F (2001). "An analysis of the virtual value chain in electronic commerce". Logistics Information Management. 14 (1/2): 78–85. doi:10.1108/09576050110362465.

[73] US Census data is both for Market research and for Marketing research: "NAPCS Product List for NAICS 54191: Marketing Research" (PDF). data collection services for marketing research and public opinion surveys, by methods other than ... data collection services provided as part of a market research services package that includes

[74] "Difference between Market Research and Marketing Research". 9 January 2018.

[75] Moore, Karl; Pareek, Niketh (2010). Marketing: the Basics. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 38–65. ISBN 978-0-415-77899-2.

[76] Moutinho, Luiz (2000). Strategic Management in Tourism. New York, NY: CABI Publishing. pp. 121–166. ISBN 9780851992822.

[MarketingInHouse.NYT2019-77] Tiffany Hsu (28 October 2019). "The Advertising Industry Has a Problem: People Hate Ads". The New York Times.

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Ashburton	Ashburton is a historic residential neighborhood in North Western Baltimore MD, recognized for its beautiful architecture and powerful neighborhood ties. It provides a combination of peaceful, tree lined roads and convenient access to urban amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton,_Baltimore
Baltimore Highlands	The Baltimore Highlands area is a lively housing neighborhood in southwest Baltimore, recognized for its eclectic population and landmark architecture. Locals enjoy a combination of parks, local businesses, and simple access to Baltimore MD's services.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlandtown,_Baltimore
Barclay	Barclay is a dynamic Baltimore MD neighborhood famous for its community feel and historic row houses. It features a blend of residential roads, local shops, and proximity to green spaces and facilities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Goucher,_Baltimore
Berea	Berea is a section in East Baltimore MD, famous for its historic architecture and public gardens. It offers a mix of housing and business spaces, showing a vibrant urban environment.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Better Waverly	Better Waverly is a lively Baltimore MD neighborhood known because of its close-knit association and historical architecture. People like local stores, varied restaurants, and community activities in this charming place.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly,_Baltimore
Beverly Hills	Beverly Hills is a residential neighborhood in north-eastern Baltimore MD, known for its detached homes and community atmosphere. It provides a suburban vibe within the city boundaries.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_Baltimore
Bolton Hill	Bolton Hill is a historic neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its gorgeous buildings and vibrant community. It provides a mix of housing streets, green spaces, and nearby businesses.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Hill
Booth-Boyd	Booth-Boyd is a domestic district in northeastern Baltimore MD. It is famous for its tight-knit group and nearness to Herring Run Park.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Rosemont,_Baltimore
Brewers Hill	Brewers Hill is a lively Baltimore MD area known for its historic breweries and remodeled industrial locations. It provides a mix of housing, commercial, and leisure zones with views of the urban skyline.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewers_Hill,_Baltimore
Broadway East	Broadway East, a community in East Baltimore, is famous for its historical architecture and grassroots initiatives. This area is currently experiencing revitalization endeavors with a focus on affordable housing and resident empowerment. Baltimore MD	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_East,_Baltimore
Broening Manor	Broening Manor is a housing neighborhood in eastern Baltimore MD, recognized for its closeness to industrial areas. It offers a combination of housing options and convenient access to important transportation routes.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk,_Maryland
Butcher's Hill	Butcher's Hill is a historical Baltimore MD neighborhood known for its delightful rowhomes and breathtaking vistas of the metropolis. It provides a vibrant community with simple entry to parks and local amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher%27s_Hill,_Baltimore
Canton	Canton is a waterfront community in Baltimore MD, known for its historical rowhomes and energetic bar scene. It offers a blend of residential appeal and active recreation choices.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Baltimore
Cedarcroft	Cedarcroft is a historical residential neighborhood in northern Baltimore MD known for its lovely buildings and tree lined roads. It offers a calm, residential atmosphere while yet being close to urban services.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Baltimore,_Baltimore
Charles Village	Charles Village is a delightful Baltimore MD neighborhood known for its colorful painted rowhouses and proximity to Johns Hopkins University. It provides a vibrant mix of shops, restaurants, and artistic attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Village,_Baltimore
Cherry Hill	Cherry Hill is a primarily African American neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its close-knit group. It faces challenges associated with hardship and criminal activity, but additionally possesses strong ethnic background and community programs.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_Baltimore
Cheswolde	Cheswolde is a dynamic Jewish community in Northwest Baltimore MD, noted for its synagogues, kosher businesses, and close-knit environment. It offers a blend of housing housing and local businesses, developing a unique urban-suburban setting.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheswolde,_Baltimore
Chinquapin Park	The Chinquapin Park area is a lively neighborhood in Baltimore MD recognized for its namesake park, with walking trails and athletic fields. It provides a mix of residential areas and green spaces, providing a community-oriented environment.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Clifton Park	Clifton Park in Baltimore MD provides inhabitants a blend of historical appeal and urban convenience. The neighborhood features a large park, varied architecture, and a powerful feeling of togetherness.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Park,_Baltimore
Coldspring	Coldspring is a designed neighborhood in Baltimore MD known for its modernist architecture and green spaces. It provides a residential atmosphere within city limits, emphasizing social living and ecological preservation.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldspring,_Baltimore
Cross Country	Cross Country is a residential neighborhood in Northwestern Baltimore MD known because of its tree lined avenues and closeness to green spaces. The locale provides a mix of housing styles and a suburban atmosphere inside the urban area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Curtis Bay	Curtis Bay, a historical Baltimore MD community, faces environmental challenges because of industrial operations. It is also a neighborhood with a strong identity and current revitalization endeavors.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Bay,_Baltimore
Downtown Baltimore	Downtown Baltimore is the central business district of the metropolis, featuring significant sights, workplaces, and administrative centers. It offers a mix of historical sites and contemporary projects along the Inner Harbor waterfront in Baltimore MD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Baltimore
Dundalk Marine Terminal	Dundalk Marine Terminal is a major maritime center in Baltimore MD. It functions as an important hub for international commerce and goods movement.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Delich_Bentley_Port_of_Baltimore
East Arlington	East Arlington is a domestic neighborhood in Northwest Baltimore MD, known for its historical architecture. It offers a mix of housing choices and local parks.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Baltimore
East Baltimore Midway	East Baltimore Midway is a primarily residential community recognized because of its historical row houses and community sense. It experiences problems related to poverty, crime, and empty properties but has active local organizations endeavoring for revitalization in Baltimore MD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway,_Baltimore
Edmonson Village	Edmonson Village is a historic residential area in West Baltimore MD, recognized for its distinct design and neighborhood feel. It provides a blend of housing options and nearby companies, contributing to the city's diverse metropolitan scene.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baltimore
Ednor Gardens-Lakeside	Ednor Gardens-Lakeside is a housing area in Baltimore MD recognized for its historical buildings and neighborhood feel. It provides a combination of housing options and is situated near services such as parks and shops.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ednor_Gardens-Lakeside,_Baltimore
Ellwood Park	Ellwood Park is a housing neighborhood in East Baltimore known for its closeness to Patterson Park. It provides a mix of historical row houses and a powerful neighborhood feel.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellwood_Park,_Baltimore
Evergreen	Evergreen is a housing neighborhood in northern Baltimore MD well-known for its historical architecture and closeness to Loyola University Maryland. The region presents tree lined roads and a blend of detached houses, townhomes, and apartments.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen,_Baltimore
Fells Point	Fells Point is a historic waterfront neighborhood in Baltimore MD, known for its cobblestone streets and preserved architecture. It offers a vibrant ambiance with a mix of restaurants, pubs, and shops.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fells_Point
Forest Park	Forest Park is a historic home area in Northwestern Baltimore MD, known for its big homes and proximity to a namesake park. It offers a mix of design types and a suburban feel within city limits.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park,_Baltimore
Frankford	Frankford is a residential district in North Eastern Baltimore MD known for its affordable housing and neighborhood atmosphere. It provides a mix of historic townhouses and open spaces, attracting families and individuals looking for a quieter urban area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford,_Baltimore
Glen	Glen, situated in Baltimore MD, is a residential neighborhood known for its historic architecture and closeness to Druid Hill Park. It offers a mix of lodging choices and a community feel within the city.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen,_Baltimore
Greektown	Greektown in Baltimore MD is a dynamic neighborhood famous for its genuine Greek diners, bakeries, and ethnic festivals. It provides a flavor of Greece with its family-owned businesses and tight-knit community.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greektown,_Baltimore
Gwynns Falls	Gwynns Falls is a in Baltimore MD known because of its name, a scenic stream valley. The area offers a combination of residential neighborhoods and green space by the Gwynns Falls Trail.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynns_Falls,_Baltimore
Hampden	Hampden is a Baltimore MD community recognized because of its unusual stores, eateries, and the annual "HonFest." It keeps a blue-collar charm with a lively arts and cultural scene.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden,_Baltimore
Harlem Park	Harlem Park is a historic West Baltimore area recognized because of its Victorian architecture and rich cultural heritage. In spite of facing difficulties, it retains a strong sense of community and is experiencing renewal projects in Baltimore MD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baltimore
Highlandtown	Highlandtown is a vibrant arts area in Southeast Baltimore MD, known for its bright murals and working-class roots. The neighborhood boasts a varied population, providing an array of restaurants, shops, and cultural attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlandtown,_Baltimore
Hillen	Hillen is a residential district in North East Baltimore MD known for its closeness to important institutions and green spaces. It offers a variety of housing and a residential feel within the city.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Hoes Heights	Hoes Heights is a lively residential neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its diverse population and historical design. It offers a blend of accommodation options and convenient entry to nearby facilities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden,_Baltimore
Hollins Market	Hollins Market is a historical public market and surrounding neighborhood in West Baltimore. It is known for its diverse population, regional vendors, and classic Baltimore MD fare.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollins_Market
Homeland	Homeland is a residential district in northern Baltimore MD known for its large Tudor Revival homes and landscaped gardens. It offers a suburban feel with a powerful sense of community and access to green spaces.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland,_Baltimore
Inner Harbor	Baltimore's Inner Harbor is a lively waterfront center with attractions, stores, and restaurants. It's a well-known destination for tourists and locals alike, offering scenic views and entertainment in Baltimore MD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Harbor
Irvington	Irvington is a historical housing neighborhood in West Baltimore, recognized for its Victorian buildings and tree-lined streets. It offers a blend of shared gardens, local businesses, and closeness to significant city attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvington,_Baltimore
Johnston Square	Johnston Square is a historic East Baltimore area with a strong sense of community. It is currently experiencing renewal efforts with new housing and community spaces in Baltimore MD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_Baltimore
Jones Falls Area	This Jones Falls Area in Baltimore MD is known for its picturesque parkland and the Jones Falls Trail. It provides a mix of outdoor recreation and urban amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Falls
Jonestown	Jonestown is a historic Baltimore MD neighborhood known for its varied population and proximity to the city center. It's the location to the Lloyd Street Synagogue and the Jewish Museum of Maryland, reflecting its abundant cultural legacy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonestown,_Baltimore
Joseph Lee	Joseph Lee is a residential neighborhood in Northeast Baltimore MD, recognized for its separate homes and friendly atmosphere. It provides a mix of quiet streets and closeness to local parks and facilities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Kernewood	Kernewood is a residential community in north Baltimore MD well-known for its Tudor-style houses and closeness to Loyola University Maryland. It offers a blend of suburban tranquility and urban accessibility.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Lakeland	Lakeland is a historical neighborhood in South Baltimore MD with a powerful sense of togetherness. It's recognized for its affordable housing and closeness to significant transport links.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland,_Baltimore
Lauraville	Lauraville is a delightful neighborhood in Baltimore MD known for its historical architecture and strong social atmosphere. It offers a blend of housing streets, nearby businesses, and green spaces.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Little Italy	Little Italy in Baltimore MD is a spirited neighborhood known for its genuine Italian diners, cultural festivals, and old rowhouses. It offers a taste of Italy with its abundant heritage and vibrant atmosphere.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy,_Baltimore
Loch Raven	Loch Raven is a district in Baltimore MD, known for its beautiful lake and nearby parkland. It offers a mix of residential areas and outdoor recreational opportunities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Raven,_Maryland
Locust Point	Locust Point is a historic harborside neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its paved streets and manufacturing past. Today, it's a dynamic community with contemporary residences, restaurants, and parks offering stunning city views.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_Point,_Baltimore
Madison-Eastend	Madison-Eastend is a historic community in East Baltimore MD recognized for its unique design and neighborhood atmosphere. It is presently experiencing renewal efforts to protect its character while encouraging growth.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Baltimore
Medfield	Medfield is a dynamic Baltimore neighborhood recognized for its artsy community and old mill structures. It offers a combination of housing appeal and business spaces, attracting residents and visitors similarly.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Mid-Govans	Mid-Govans is a varied community in Baltimore MD, recognized for its historic architecture and sense of community. It offers a mix of housing, local businesses, and proximity to parks and amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govans
Mid-Town Belvedere	Mid-Town Belvedere is a vibrant Baltimore MD neighborhood recognized for its lifestyle attractions and historic architecture. Locals love easy access to entertainment, food, and the arts.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Baltimore
Mondawmin	Mondawmin is a historical community in West Baltimore MD, recognized because of its big retail center and closeness to Druid Hill Park. It functions as a major transportation hub and community anchor for the surrounding area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondawmin
Moravia-Walther	Moravia-Walther is a domestic section in North Eastern Baltimore MD famous for its community atmosphere and historic architecture. It offers a mix of housing choices and is easily situated near parks and nearby facilities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Mount Vernon	Mount Vernon is a historical neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its impressive buildings and cultural establishments. It's home to the Washington Monument and many museums, theaters, and restaurants.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Baltimore
Mount Washington	Mount Washington is a historical community in Baltimore MD known for its scenic scenery and village-like ambiance. It offers a mix of residential areas, nearby shops, and parks, creating a charming area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Baltimore
North Harford Road	The North Harford Road area is a district in Baltimore MD, recognized for its homes and small businesses. It provides a mix of city and suburban living within the city.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Oldtown	Oldtown Baltimore, one of the most established areas, is undergoing revitalization efforts. It includes a blend of historic structures and new projects.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtown,_Baltimore
Orangeville	Orangeville is a residential neighborhood in East Baltimore MD with a history based in industry and working-class families. Today, it's recognized for its community spirit and proximity to parks and local amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Orchard Ridge	Orchard Ridge is a housing neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its communal atmosphere and proximity to parks. It offers a mix of homes and nearby services for its community.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Otterbein	Otterbein is a historical housing area in Baltimore MD, known for its Federal style architecture and community vibe. It's situated near the Inner Harbor and M & T Bank Stadium.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otterbein,_Baltimore
Overlea	Overlea is a residential neighborhood in Baltimore County, Maryland, known for its housing streets and nearby businesses. It offers a variety of housing options and a nearness to Baltimore MD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlea,_Baltimore
Park Circle	Park Circle is a historic housing area in Northwest Baltimore MD, recognized for its circular street layout and closeness to Druid Hill Park. It provides a mix of building styles and a close-knit community feel.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Circle,_Baltimore
Patterson Park	Patterson Park is a lively neighborhood in Baltimore MD, famous for its sizeable namesake park. The park provides recreational activities, historical landmarks, and community events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson_Park,_Baltimore
Perring Loch	Perring Loch is a residential neighborhood in northern Baltimore MD recognized for its neighborhood feel. It includes a mix of housing styles and easy access to nearby amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Pimlico	Pimlico is a historic neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its well-known racetrack, Pimlico Race Course, location of the Preakness Stakes. It offers a blend of residential areas, commercial districts, and a dynamic cultural scene.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico,_Baltimore
Poppleton	Poppleton is a historic West Baltimore MD community undergoing renewal efforts. It's known for its proximity to the University of Maryland BioPark and its mix of housing and business properties.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppleton,_Baltimore
Ramblewood	Ramblewood is a housing area in Baltimore MD, recognized for its tree-lined streets and neighborhood vibe. It provides a mix of housing options and convenient access to nearby services.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Remington	Remington is a lively Baltimore MD neighborhood famous for its artistic environment and diverse population. It offers a blend of historic rowhouses and modern buildings.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington,_Baltimore
Ridgely's Delight	Ridgely's Delight is a historic housing neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its lovely brick townhouses and proximity to Camden Yards. It provides a combination of quiet streets and easy entry to downtown attractions .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgely%27s_Delight,_Baltimore
Riverside	Riverside is a spirited Baltimore MD area known for its historic buildings and eponymous park. Locals appreciate a blend of community events, nearby businesses, and amazing waterfront views.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Baltimore
Roland Park	Roland Park is a historic planned neighborhood in Baltimore MD, famous for its beautiful architecture and verdant parks. It provides a residential feel with close access to the urban facilities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Park,_Baltimore
Rosebank	Rosebank represents a domestic area in Baltimore MD, recognized because of its historic buildings and community feel . It provides a mix of residing choices and closeness to local amenities .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Sabina-Mattfeldt	Sabina-Mattfeldt is a domestic area in north Baltimore MD, known for its historic buildings and closeness to parks. It provides a mix of housing options and a community-oriented atmosphere.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina-Mattfeldt,_Baltimore
Saint Agnes	Saint Agnes is a residential area in southwest Baltimore MD, famous for its closeness to Saint Agnes Hospital. It provides a mix of housing options and a community-focused environment.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Agnes_Hospital
Saint Josephs	Saint Josephs is a lively neighborhood in Baltimore MD, known for its historic architecture and tight-knit community. Residents enjoy its nearness to nearby parks, schools, and local shops.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Sandtown-Winchester	Sandtown-Winchester is a historically Black neighborhood in West Baltimore MD. It faces difficulties such as poverty and vacant housing but has ongoing revitalization efforts.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandtown-Winchester,_Baltimore
Seton Hill	Seton Hill is a historic community in Baltimore MD, recognized for its lovely architecture and closeness to cultural attractions. It offers a mix of housing, commercial, and civic spaces, contributing to the urban area's lively urban landscape.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hill,_Baltimore
Sharp-Leadenhall	Sharp-Leadenhall is a historical area in Baltimore MD, recognized for its maintained buildings and dynamic neighborhood. It offers a blend of housing and commercial spaces, reflecting its abundant cultural legacy.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp-Leadenhall,_Baltimore
South Baltimore	South Baltimore is a dynamic area recognized for its historic rowhomes, waterfront access, and booming local businesses. It presents a combination of residential neighborhoods, parks, and entertainment options, which makes it a favored destination inside the area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Baltimore
South Clifton Park	South Clifton Park is a housing community in East Baltimore, known for its historical rowhomes and closeness to Clifton Park. The location offers a mix of urban living and green spaces, with ongoing community revitalization efforts.Baltimore MD	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Park,_Baltimore
Ten Hills	Ten Hills is a historical domestic neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized because of its big, manicured homes and tree-covered streets. It offers a suburban atmosphere within city limits, drawing families and people looking for a tranquil environment.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Hills,_Baltimore
Upton	Upton is a historical West Baltimore MD community known for its vibrant arts scene and rich African American heritage. It's home to landmarks like the Arena Players, one of the oldest continuously running African American local theaters in the country.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton,_Baltimore
Upper Fells Point	Upper Fells Point is a historical neighborhood in Baltimore MD, recognized for its diverse community and lively arts scene. It offers a mix of housing streets, local businesses, and proximity to the harbor.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fells_Point
Waltherson	Waltherson is a residential community in North Eastern Baltimore MD known for its tree lined streets and community atmosphere. It offers a mix of house types and closeness to parks and nearby amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Washington Hill	Washington Hill is a historic community in East Baltimore, known because of its close-knit community and beautiful vistas of the urban landscape. It presents a blend of carefully maintained rowhouses and a growing commercial district along its primary roads. Baltimore MD	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchers_Hill,_Baltimore
West Arlington	West Arlington is a historic residential neighborhood in Baltimore MD, known by its tree lined streets and strong community ties. It offers a blend of architecture styles and a vibrant local atmosphere.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Baltimore
Westfield	Westfield is a housing area in northwestern Baltimore MD, known for its tree-lined roads and proximity to Druid Hill Park. It offers a blend of housing styles and a residential feel inside the urban area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_neighborhoods
Windsor Hills	Windsor Hills is a historic residential community in West Baltimore MD, known because of its lovely architecture and tree-lined streets. It offers a peaceful community with a strong feeling of local pride and is easily located close to significant city attractions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Hills,_Baltimore
Woodberry	Woodberry is a historical mill village in Baltimore MD, recognized for its delightful architecture and closeness to the Jones Falls Trail. Today, it's a lively neighborhood with renovated mills housing restaurants, shops, and apartments.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodberry,_Baltimore
Woodbourne Heights	Woodbourne Heights is a residential area in north Baltimore MD recognized for its historical architecture and neighborhood vibe. The area offers a combination of home choices and proximity to nearby green spaces and amenities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbourne,_Baltimore
Wyman Park	Wyman Park is a residential neighborhood in Baltimore MD, known for its closeness to Johns Hopkins University and the beautiful park it's called after. It offers a blend of historical architecture and parks, creating a calm city environment.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyman_Park,_Baltimore
Yale Heights	Yale Heights is a housing area in southwest Baltimore MD, recognized by its tree-lined streets and proximity to main highways. Residents relish a blend of home choices and access to local parks and facilities.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Baltimore

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